CO2 Emissions

An instrument to measure online savings kg or tonnes of CO2 per kWh of energy produced from sources that during the exercise of the power plant does not emit carbon dioxide anhydrite, such as photovoltaics. Enter the kWh produced by a year (or one day a month or the cycle of life 30 years) and the factor of the nation’s electricity mix.

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Energy kWh	Electricity mix		CO2grammes/kWh		CO2 kg Emissions	CO2lb	TOE ton oil equivalent
Calculation of CO2 to produce electricity in kWh
CO2 emissions per kWh from electricity and heat
	World North America Europe Asia Oceania Canada Chile Mexico United States OECD Americas Australia Israel Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Asia Oceania Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa Africa Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East Albania Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Georgia Gibraltar Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania FYR of Macedonia Malta Republic of Moldova Romania Russian Federation Serbia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia Argentina Bolivia Brazil Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America Latin America Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Asia People Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China European Union - 27
Emissions of CO2, comparison between different energy sources
	Other bituminous coal Sub bituminous coal Lignite brown coal Patent fuel Natural gas
km	Transport: cars, vehicles		CO2 g/km		CO2 kilogram	CO2 pound
Calculation of CO2 emissions from the car
quantity	Fuel combustion		CO2 kg factor		CO2 kilogram	CO2 pound
How many kilograms of CO2 are emitted during combustion?
	Petrol (kg) Petrol (litre) Petrol (gal US) Diesel (kg) Diesel (litre) Diesel (gal US) LPG GPL (kg) Methane (kg) Methanol (kg) Ethanol (kg) Ethanol (litre) Ethanol (gal US) Biodiesel C19H34O2 (l) Biodiesel C20H40O2 (l)
quantity	Unit	Fuel	Distance	Unit	CO2 g/km	CO2 lb/mi
Calculation of actual emissions in g/km on your car
	Litre gal US	Petrol Diesel		Km mile
CO2 Emis.	Unit		Distance	Unit	CO2 kilogram	CO2 pound
Calculation of CO2 emitted in the life or one year of your car
	g/Km lb/mi			Km mile

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Content

  CO2 Emissions

  Emissions of CO2 from transport vehicles

  How many kilograms of CO2 are emitted during combustion?

  Calculation of actual emissions in g/km on your car

  Emissions of CO2, comparison between different energy sources

  Grams CO2 per kWh of electricity

  CO2 emissions per kWh from electricity and heat

  Comment

  References

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CO2 Emissions

The production of one kWh electricity can be made using different energy sources, each source can be characterized by a factor that indicates how many kilograms of CO2 are released into the atmosphere to produce 1 kWh electricity (these factors are changes that depend efficiency of the single station and the distribution network).
Some of the sources of energy are oil, natural gas, coal, municipal waste (thermal), enriched uranium (nuclear, gradients of water (hydroelectric), heat of the earth (geothermal), wind (wind), sun (photovoltaic, solar thermal), biomass, etc..
Every nation has a mix of power plants that use different energy sources, then the value of kg CO2 / kWh will be different for each country, this factor can be used to calculate the kg of CO2 emissions avoided in the environment in the country where the equipment is installed PV.
gas CO2 in the atmosphere is the main cause of global warming, which directly affects the ’ increase earth’s temperature and climate change related.

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Emissions of CO2 from transport vehicles

To calculate the amount of CO2 produced by their car in a year, simply multiply the distance traveled in kilometers for the value of emissions g/km of CO2 your car.
In the car registration document in the data supplied by the manufacturer, you can find the data on emissions of anhydrite carbon dioxide (CO2) in grams per kilometer produced, expressed in (g/km), these are referred to the combined cycle , the real value depends on the type of use and your riding style.
For example, if we travel with our car utilitarian 15000 km this year and produces 110 g/km in a year we emit into the atmosphere 1650 kg of CO2, while an SUV with 230 g/km would have delivered 3450 kg of CO2.
At this moment in Europe’s road transport accounts for 25% of CO2 emissions to reduce air pollution, the most important factors are the average fuel consumption and fuel type.
The Biofuels instead of fossil fuel use the carbon in new organic material, then release CO2 recently removed from the atmosphere (closed cycle), while fossil fuel burning released carbon dioxide removed from the atmosphere millions of years ago, altering the balance exists.


Table 1:

Car type	Petrolium	Diesel	LPG GPL
Compact	138	120	95
Sedam small	171	135	120
Sedam medium	195	162	135
Sedam large	265	216	184
SUV	218	202	152
4x4 small	285	242	200
4x4 large	345	295	240

Table 2:

Fuel	Combustion formula	Density kg/l (lb/US gal)	CO2 kg/l (lb/US gal) emissiones
Petrol gasoline	2 C8H18 + 25 O2 --> 16 CO2 + 18 H2O + 2636 kcal	0.7197 kg/l (6.073 lb/gal)	2.3035 kg/l (19.24 lb/US gal)
Diesel	4 C12H23 + 71 O2 --> 48 CO2 + 46 H2O + energy	0.832 kg/l (6.943 lb/gal)	2.6256 kg/l (21.91 lb/US gal)
LPG GPL	C3H8 + 5 O2 --> 3CO2 + 4 H2O + 531 kcal	0.52 kg/l (4.34 lb/gal)	3.0 kg/l (25.04 lb/US gal)
Methane CH4	CH4 + O2 --> CO2 + 2 H2O + 891 kJ/mol	0.416 kg/l (3.47 lb/gal)	2.750 kg/l (22.95 lb/US gal)
Methanol CH3OH	CH3OH + 3/2 O2 --> CO2 + 2 H2O + energy	0.7918 kg/l (4.63 lb/gal)	1.375 kg/l (11.47 lb/US gal)
Ethanol C2H5OH	C2H5OH + 3 O2 --> 2 CO2 + 3 H2O + energy	0.789 kg/l (6.58 lb/gal)	1.506 kg/l (12.57 lb/US gal)
Biodiesel C19H34O2	C19H34O2 + (53/2) O2 --> 19 CO2 + 17 H2O + energy	0.889 kg/l (7.42 lb/gal)	2.839 kg/l (23.69 lb/US gal)
Biodiesel C20H40O2	C20H40O2 + 29 O2 --> 20 CO2 + 20 H20 + energy	0.884 kg/l (7.38 lb/gal)	2.816 kg/l (23.5 lb/US gal)

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How many kilograms of CO2 are emitted during combustion?

If you do not know the value of g/km, another way to know the emissions of your vehicle is to measure the litres of fuel consumed. With a good approximation we can say that burning a litre of gasoline produces 2.3035 kg of CO2 (more details are in Table 2), the value depends on the mixture of hydrocarbons and the engine, but does not vary much. The weight gain due to the fact that we have considered only the combustibule, but we need to add oxygen in the combustion O2.

Petrol gasoline, or benzin is composed of a mixture of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (an isomer of octane C8H18 [octane rating 100]) and n-heptane (C7H16 [octane rating 0]). Example of octane rating, petrol with the same knocking characteristics as a mixture of 95% iso-octane and 5% heptane would have an octane rating of 95.

Diesel is composed of about 75% saturated hydrocarbons (primarily paraffins including n, iso, and cycloparaffins), and 25% aromatic hydrocarbons (including naphthalenes and alkylbenzenes). The average chemical formula for common diesel fuel is C12H23, ranging approximately from C10H20 to C15H28.

Petrol (Gasoline): 2 C8H18 + 25 O2 --> 16 CO2 + 18 H2O + energy
2 mol C8H18(114 g/mol) --> 16 mol CO2(44 g/mol)   =>   2*114=228g --> 16*44=704g   =>   1000/228*704=3087.72g
1 kg of Petrol produce 3.088 kg of CO2.
1 litre of Petrol produce 2.22 kg of CO2.   (3087.72*0.7197=2224.64)

Diesel C12H23: 4 C12H23 + 71 O2 --> 48 CO2 + 46 H2O + energy
4 mol C50H93(167.3121 g/mol) --> 48 mol CO2(44 g/mol)   =>   4*167.3=669.25g --> 48*44=2112g   =>   1000/669.25*2112=3155.77g
1 kg of Diesel produce 3.16 kg of CO2.
1 litre of Diesel produce 2.63 kg of CO2.   (3155.8*0.832=2625.6)

Diesel C50H93: C50H93 + 193/4 O2 --> 50 CO2 + 93/2 H2O + energy
1 mol C50H93(694.27342 g/mol) --> 50 mol CO2(44 g/mol)   =>   694.27g --> 50*44=2200g   =>   1000/694.27*2200=3168.8g
1 kg of Diesel produce 3.17 kg of CO2.
1 litre of Diesel produce 2.64 kg of CO2.   (3168.8*0.832=2636.44)

LPG GPL: C3H8 + 5 O2 --> 3 CO2 + 4 H2O + energy
1 mol C3H8(44 g/mol) --> 3 mol CO2(44 g/mol)   =>   44g --> 3*44=132g   =>   1000/44*132=3000g
1 kg of LPG GPL produce 3 kg of CO2.

Methane: CH4 + O2 --> CO2 + 2 H2O + energy
1 mol CH4(16 g/mol) --> 1 mol CO2(44 g/mol)   =>   16g --> 44g   =>   1000/16*44=2750g
1 kg of Methane produce 2.75 kg of CO2.

Methanol: CH3OH + 3/2 O2 --> CO2 + 2 H2O + energy
1 mol CH3OH(32 g/mol) --> 1 mol CO2(44 g/mol)   =>   32g --> 44g   =>   1000/32*44=1375g
1 kg of Methanol produce 1.38 kg of CO2.

Ethanol: C2H5OH + 3 O2 --> 2 CO2 + 3 H2O + energy
1 mol C2H5OH(46 g/mol) --> 2 mol CO2(44 g/mol)   =>   46g --> 88g   =>   1000/46*88=1913.04g
1 kg of Ethanol produce 1.91 kg of CO2.
1 litre of Ethanol produce 1.51 kg of CO2.   (1913.04*0.789=1509.4)

Biodiesel Methyl Linoleate: C19H34O2 + (53/2) O2 --> 19 CO2 + 17 H2O + energy
1 mol C19H34O2(294.4739 g/mol) --> 19 mol CO2(44 g/mol)   =>   294.4739g --> 836g   =>   1000/294.4739*836=2839g
1 kg of Biodiesel C19H34O2 produce 2.84 kg of CO2.
1 litre of Biodiesel C19H34O2 produce 2.524 kg of CO2.   (2839*0.889=2524)

Biodiesel Ethyl Stearate: C20H40O2 + 29 O2 --> 20 CO2 + 20 H20 + energy
1 mol C20H40O2(312.5323 g/mol) --> 20 mol CO2(44 g/mol)   =>   312.5323g --> 880g   =>   1000/312.5323*880=2816g
1 kg of Biodiesel C20H40O2 produce 2.82 kg of CO2.
1 litre of Biodiesel C20H40O2 produce 2.489 kg of CO2.   (2816*0.884=2489)

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Calculation of actual emissions in g/km on your car

Emissions from transport vehicles (cars, motorcycles, trucks, buses, etc.) depend on the fuel type and above the average consumer.
Burning fuel produces carbon dioxide and water and not exist a pot that can reduce its value, so it's important to choose cars with lower fuel consumption.
The emission data provided by the car manufacturers refer to standard reproducible tests, but to get the exact and real data you should use the converter on it.

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Emissions of CO2, comparison between different energy sources

These data represent the average kg CO2 emitted to produce one kWh of electricity and heat using various energy sources, the data vary depending on the performance of power plants.

	Fuel	CO2 g/kWh
1	Other bituminous coal	840
2	Sub bituminous coal	930
3	Lignite brown coal	950
4	Patent fuel	860
5	Natural gas	380

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Grams CO2 per kWh of electricity

The grams of CO2 emitted per kWh electricity produced, depending on the mix of energy sources used to produce electricity.

	Country	CO2 g/kWhel
1	USA	535
2	Germany	565
3	Italy	531

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CO2 emissions per kWh from electricity and heat

The emission of carbon anhydrite grammes CO2 per kWh electricity produced, varies greatly among nations and depends on the mix of energy sources used to produce energy.
CO2 emissions per kWh from electricity and heat generation, consider the CO2 emissions from fossil fuels consumed for electricity, combined heat and power and main activity heat plants divided by the output of electricity and heat generated from fossil fuels, nuclear, hydro (excl. pumped storage), geothermal, solar and biomass. Both main activity producers and autoproducers have been included in the calculation of the emissions.
If we considered only the production of electricity (no heat) values will be greater.

CO2 g/kWhel
Source: International Energy Agency (IEA)

	Country (2009)	CO2 g/kWh
1	World	500.0114
2	North America	465.8127
3	Europe	288.7415
4	Asia Oceania	491.1965
5	Canada	167.2320
6	Chile	372.8200
7	Mexico	454.9830
8	United States	508.1700
9	OECD Americas	464.1970
10	Australia	852.9310
11	Israel	694.8830
12	Japan	414.7090
13	Korea	497.6990
14	New Zealand	166.5030
15	OECD Asia Oceania	498.7730
16	Austria	163.2320
17	Belgium	217.8930
18	Czech Republic	514.2530
19	Denmark	302.7490
20	Estonia	703.8530
21	Finland	205.4050
22	France	89.8510
23	Germany	430.4960
24	Greece	722.3990
25	Hungary	302.0600
26	Iceland	0.4240
27	Ireland	465.2390
28	Italy	386.4110
29	Luxembourg	384.2860
30	Netherlands	374.4850
31	Norway	17.2880
32	Poland	640.1980
33	Portugal	368.2380
34	Slovak Republic	221.7160
35	Slovenia	316.0250
36	Spain	298.7840
37	Sweden	43.1350
38	Switzerland	39.9340
39	Turkey	479.9290
40	United Kingdom	449.5010
41	OECD Europe	326.4360
42	Algeria	575.9669
43	Angola	237.4497
44	Benin	725.0079
45	Botswana	2063.2523
46	Cameroon	242.6807
47	Congo	206.8295
48	Dem. Rep. of Congo	2.9338
49	Côte d Ivoire	426.3982
50	Egypt	465.5347
51	Eritrea	671.5864
52	Ethiopia	118.3091
53	Gabon	322.1375
54	Ghana	186.5319
55	Kenya	394.9455
56	Libyan Arab Jamahiriya	871.7842
57	Morocco	638.4446
58	Mozambique	0.5033
59	Namibia	236.9013
60	Nigeria	415.7342
61	Senegal	614.4503
62	South Africa	925.9049
63	Sudan	355.5958
64	United Rep. of Tanzania	281.2221
65	Togo	201.5714
66	Tunisia	538.0795
67	Zambia	3.2466
68	Zimbabwe	618.9509
69	Other Africa	494.4978
70	Africa	643.2581
71	Bahrain	664.8702
72	Islamic Rep. of Iran	629.9627
73	Iraq	684.0861
74	Jordan	580.5480
75	Kuwait	869.6052
76	Lebanon	716.6724
77	Oman	842.4879
78	Qatar	494.0089
79	Saudi Arabia	757.2325
80	Syrian Arab Republic	640.8914
81	United Arab Emirates	631.2455
82	Yemen	630.4537
83	Middle East	690.2583
84	Albania	11.1746
85	Armenia	108.0010
86	Azerbaijan	443.4248
87	Belarus	302.3302
88	Bosnia and Herzegovina	775.9654
89	Bulgaria	463.4469
90	Croatia	283.3877
91	Cyprus	744.2724
92	Georgia	128.6420
93	Gibraltar	739.5172
94	Kazakhstan	480.0584
95	Kyrgyzstan	80.9661
96	Latvia	153.0742
97	Lithuania	111.1529
98	FYR of Macedonia	709.9036
99	Malta	850.4153
100	Republic of Moldova	400.0984
101	Romania	414.3538
102	Russian Federation	317.4040
103	Serbia	680.3266
104	Tajikistan	29.2264
105	Turkmenistan	789.4524
106	Ukraine	373.9550
107	Uzbekistan	461.4759
108	Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia	344.1203
109	Argentina	355.3111
110	Bolivia	393.3051
111	Brazil	64.1278
112	Colombia	175.2714
113	Costa Rica	39.8111
114	Cuba	751.5392
115	Dominican Republic	590.5356
116	Ecuador	289.6443
117	El Salvador	318.7825
118	Guatemala	349.1080
119	Haiti	547.1248
120	Honduras	344.3230
121	Jamaica	544.4594
122	Netherlands Antilles	706.8983
123	Nicaragua	505.8123
124	Panama	302.1739
125	Peru	236.3066
126	Trinidad and Tobago	718.8074
127	Uruguay	253.1788
128	Venezuela	198.5978
129	Other Latin America	248.9089
130	Latin America	174.7996
131	Bangladesh	585.2873
132	Brunei Darussalam	755.2254
133	Cambodia	1150.9245
134	Chinese Taipei	634.7819
135	India	951.4059
136	Indonesia	745.6904
137	DPR of Korea	498.8643
138	Malaysia	648.6477
139	Mongolia	535.3523
140	Myanmar	195.8467
141	Nepal	4.3431
142	Pakistan	457.7247
143	Philippines	478.1595
144	Singapore	518.8568
145	Sri Lanka	460.1088
146	Thailand	513.3809
147	Vietnam	384.1034
148	Other Asia	268.0725
149	Asia	745.3499
150	People Rep. of China	742.5689
151	Hong Kong, China	762.9724
152	China	742.7455
153	European Union - 27	338.9088

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References

iea.org
epa.gov
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrol
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_fuel

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